Egyptian Cultural Background

Welcome-slide1-1.jpgThe Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt

Historical 

Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. The main source of information about ancient. Egypt are the well-kept monuments and artifacts that have been found from archaeological sites. Hieroglyphics, religious sites, and architecture that are still available are accomplishment from the richness of the religious traditions. (Smitha, 2015)

Technological

The Egyptians were among the first groups of people to write and keep records of events that happened in their lives. The earliest form of writing was in the form of hieroglyphics. Many hieroglyphic artifacts which kept records of the empire have been found and maintained in good condition. Papyrus was the first form of durable sheets of paper to write on, ink, and 12-month lunar calendars all originated in Egypt. Egyptians were amazing architects and builders. They constructed many different styles of pyramids, created simple machines, and employed human labour to build their magnificent stone structures which remain today.  (TourEgypt Website)

bca0174adfb70991f2ee476a493cc4faEgyptian Hieroglyphics on Papyrus Paper

Sociological

Most ancient Egyptians were farmers. Rich and poor Egyptians lived very differently. The diet of the rich people consisted of mainly fruits and vegetables, whereas poor people did not have access to those types of food. Most Egyptians get marriage at a young age, and women in Egypt have less freedom than men, however, this is changing in city centers. Most children have little free time because they start working at an early age, in addition to going to school. Many modern women have their own property and their own businesses while looking after their children. (TourEgypt Website)

Environmental 

Egypt is located in the continent of Africa and covers 995,450 square kilometers of land and 6000 square kilometers of water. This makes it the 30th largest nation in the world. Primarily, Egypt is part of the Sahara Desert, which runs all across the most northern region of Africa. Many people settled in Egypt because of their large source of water, the Nile River runs through the middle of the desert. Egypt receives fewer than eighty millimeters of precipitation annually in most areas and most rain falls along the coast. Egypt has only two seasons, a mild winter from November to April and a hot summer from May to October. The primary crops are wheat and barley. (GAIN, 2010, p.3Wheat that is made into bread is one of the major food eaten by the people of Egypt, past and present. Barley was grown to make a beer-like substance. The beer was a staple drink because fresh water was not easy to come by in the dry season. In rich, fertile areas pomegranates, grapes and plums for eating as well as making wine.

Ideological

There is a wide held belief that people from Egypt are always cheerful and blessed because they rarely have violent storms, no great floods and have little to fear from wild animals or invading tribal armies. Egyptians have a strong belief and faith in God. They believe their God gave order to the universe and controls storms and the success of their crops.  They believe that the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, exercises magical powers through the sprouting of the crops. (Smitha 2015)

Typical Egyptian Cuisine

Common foods seen frequently in Egyptian dishes are foods such as onions, vegetables, beans and lentils. The reported staple meal of over 50% of Egyptian households consist of: wheat bread, sugar, ghee or butter, vegetable oil, milk and tea. Meat is a fairly expensive addition to Egyptian cuisine, so it is not commonly found. It is eaten more in urban locations than in rural settings. However, in coastal areas fish dishes are popular (Egypt Global Culture, n.d.). Egyptian cuisine does not heavily rely on spices like many Middle Eastern culture, but there are still a variety of spices that are used for different dishes. The usual spices are garlic, onion, salt and pepper, and cumin, along with dill, coriander, saffron, and bay leaf (Egypt Everlasting, 2013). Each region of Egypt offers many of the same types of foods, each with their own distinctive variation of the dish.

There are some Egyptian dishes that date back 5000 years ago, one of them being Besarah, a dish that is a combination of herbs and fava beans, onions and green peppers to form a flavourful green paste­like dip. Some of these dishes are Ful Wa Ta’meya, or what is commonly referred to as falafel. This style of falafel is made with fava beans as opposed to the typical Lebanese variety that is made with chickpeas. Grilled meats are a staple style of meat in the Middle East, with the Egyptian variety named Kabab Wa Kofta. The meats used are lamb or veal, and are served with sauces such as tahini and tzatziki. Fattah is a rice dish comprised of layered breads, meat, and rice. One of Egpyt’s most popular street food dishes consists of a savory mix of pasta, and rice and lentil in spicy tomato sauce and is called Koshary. All of the Egyptian dishes are served with bread called Aish. Aish is flat bread made with whole wheat and bran and is cooked in a wood or gas burning oven.

bread_2_2.jpgTraditional Aish Bread

Egyptians usually prepare their meals by baking, boiling, stewing, frying, grilling or roasting. While preparing food, salt, oil and onions are used as a staple to flavour the dish. Bowls, pots, storage jars, ladles, sieves, storage jar and whisks are all used during preparation (“The Food of the Ancient Egyptians”, 2010).

Food Symbolism

Eating is an essential daily activity and is central to making or special occasions and ceremonial events.

Bread is the most important food item in an Egyptian’s daily life, it is a cheap option of food that is affordable by everyone. (TourEgypt Website)

Religious Meaning of Food 

The majority of Egyptians, about 90%,  practice Islam. The next largest religion is Christianity.

Islam 

  • Muslims follow the Q’uran the Islamic holy book. They believe in the existence of one God, and that prophet Muhammad is his final messenger. Muslims should pray five times a day. Eating pork and drinking alcohol is strictly forbidden for Muslims. (Kittler, Sucher, & Nelms, 2015, p.96)

The five pillars of Islam are:

  • Shahada “Declaration of faith”
  • Salat “Prayer”
  • Zakat “Charity”
  • Sawam “Fasting”
  • Hajj “Pilgrimage to mecca”

The three main religious events celebrated by Muslims are:

  1. Eid el Adha “Festival of Sacrifice”
    • Eid el Adha celebrates Abrahams willingness to sacrifice his son under the command of god. Food associated with this festival include Ram meat, because miraculously before the sacrifice Abrahams son turned into a ram; therefore, for Eid el Adha Muslims families who have enough money sacrifice a ram on that day.
  1. Eid el Fitr “Celebration of the breaking of the fast”
    • Eid el Fitr comes right after the end of the holy month of Ramadan. It’s celebrated for about 3-4 days and families usually gather at the mosque, visit each other, and share food. Food associated with Eid el Fitr festival include Baklava, and specially baked cookies “kahk”.
  1. Moulid el Nabi “birth of Prophet Muhammad”
    1. Many Egyptians celebrate the birth of prophet Muhammad by dancing, singing and playing music till late at night. The food associated with this festival include Halawet el moulid, which is a combination of traditional sweets, candies, jello, and gummies. (Kittler, Sucher, & Nelms, 2015, p.98

During the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work six hours per day. During the fast there is no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing.

Mawlid-al-Nabi-Birthday-Of-Prophet-Muhammad-Celebration-In-EgyptMawlid al-Nabi Birthday Of Prophet Muhammad Celebration In Egypt

Christianity 

  • Christians follow the bible, the Christian holy book. They also believe in the existence of one god, but different than Muslims they believe that Jesus is the son of God and the savior of humanity.(TourEgypt Website)

The 10 commandments that Christians should follow are:

  • You shall have no other Gods but me.
  • You shall not make for yourself any idol, nor bow down to it or worship it.
  • You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God.
  • You shall remember and keep the Sabbath day holy.
  • Respect your father and mother.
  • You must not commit murder.
  • You must not commit adultery.
  • You must not steal.
  • You must not give false evidence against your neighbour.
  • You must not be envious of your neighbour’s goods. You shall not be envious of his house nor his wife, nor anything that belongs to your neighbour.

Major Christian Celebrations include:

  1. Eid Moulid el Meseeh “Christmas
    • Orthodox Christian Copts in Egypt break their fast on the eve of Christmas. They break their fast wish dished made of beef and poultry.
  1. Eid el Fiseh
    • Like Eid Moulid el Meseeh on Easter eve orthodox Christian Copts break their fast. Eid el Fiseh is the period of forty days before Easter comprise the period called Lent, during this season of Lent it is forbidden to eat meat, fish, eggs, wine, or coffee. (TourEgypt Website)

Cultural Meaning of Food 

  1. Sham el Neseemà literal translates to “smelling the fresh breeze”
    • Sham el Neseem is celebrated by all Egyptians. It takes place at the onset of spring time. Families and friends get together, they have picnics and spend time outdoors in gardens and open areas, welcoming spring. They also celebrate it by eating traditional Egyptians. Such foods include eggs, salted fish “feseekh”, and green onions.
  2. 6th of October “Armed forces day”
    • 6th of October marks the day when the Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal during the 1973 war with Israel the attack came as a surprise to the Israeli army enabling Egyptians a lead and victory of the war. (TourEgypt Website)

Gender Issues

Gender issues include division of labour, it is expected of women to take care of the household work and child rearing. It is different depending on whether they live in urban or rural areas. In rural areas women help men in fields in gathering crops, they also cook, clean, raise the kids, and do household tasks. Men and women had legal equal pay but equality laws are not always implemented. At home, men usually have the upper hand. They are the decision makers and the ones who hold the budget. Harassment is also a great issue in Egypt. Egyptian streets have not been the most welcome to women in the past few years; women are sexually and verbally harassed.(Culture Crossing Guide Website)

Taboos 

Major taboos in Egypt include:

  • Women should not wear revealing clothes in public, such as short skirts, shorts, and sleeveless shirts.
  • Alcohol and pork are forbidden from Muslims diet.
  • Being gay, transgender, or homosexual is looked down upon. (Culture Crossing Guide Website)
  • Bringing flowers as a guest, they are solely reserved for weddings and funerals

Current Food Trends

In Egypt

In the past, food was often sold in small markets or stands in the
street. Now, there are many large supermarkets in major cities, such as the capital, Cairo. This has caused a shift in the purchasing of food items. Families used to shop at the same vendor with whom they had a personal relationship – and now many people shop in a commercialized setting. The introduction of supermarkets has also enhanced the consumption of processed foods, and decreased the use of traditional fresh ingredients. (GAIN, 2010, p. 5)

Fast food has become very popular in Egypt in recent decades. In major hubs there are many western fast-food chains, including Arby’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken,
McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Subway, Chili’s and TGI Fridays.(Euromonitor International, 2013, p.32) Western Fast Food companies have leveraged the power of social media to bring attention to their brand in Egypt. This has engaged the younger population, as well as their families. The facebook page “KFC Arabia” alone has 44,600,000 followers. (Hazem & Len, 2014, p.54)

KFC-EgyptKentucky Fried Chicken in Ciaro, Egypt

In the last few years a new craze called “Baladi Chic”  has hit metropolitan centers in Egypt. New restaurants like Cairo Kitchen and Zooba are popping up everywhere with a new take on traditional Egyptian street food. These restaurants are intend to transform the Egyptian food experience, by experimenting with tradition and creating new favorites. Baladi Chic kitchens sell street food items such as Koshari, Foul, and Ta’amia in a more gourmet restaurant settings. Venues have a clean and modern interior mixed with classic Egyptian motifs. (Serry, 2014)

ck-300x226Baladi Chic Resturant, “Zooba” in Ciaro, Egypt

In Canada

In 1950s, Egyptians were welcome to Canada as an immigrant. Egyptian Canadian are Canadian citizens of Egypt and they have a population of 73,259 according to the census 2011. Muslims constitute a smaller portion of the Egyptian population in Canada. (Hayani, 2015, p.3)

Ancient history of the Egypt is so fascinating that Canadian brought back remains of the ancient culture in the 19th century. It means that whatever material now has in the Canadian museums is all from the Egypt. Canadian museum aim is to advertise the artifacts from Egypt and make it accessible to all the people who are unaware about the ancient history of the Egypt (Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities – Montreal Chapter website).

Cultural Community in Winnipeg 

Folklorama is one of the times that Egyptian food and culture come together in Winnipeg where people can experience a bit of what life in another country is like (Fieldhouse, 1996). In terms of food, the fried chocolate bread pudding from Resto Gare or calzone napoletana from Nicolino’s gain a few insights of the Egyptian food and cultures that make up Winnipeg popular (Huebert, 2016).

References

Academic References

“Awfar Market” دوت). 2017) . وا أون ا .Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://tinyurl.com/n6bbm9t

Broad Beans with Mloukhieh (Besara) ­. (2013). Kitchen of Palestine. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from http://www.kitchenofpalestine.com/besara/

Culture Crossing Guide (January 13, 2017). Egypt – The Basics. Retrieved April 1st, 2017. Retrieved from http://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=61

Durrett, S. (2015). Shopping for Groceries in Egypt > Community Services Association (CSA). Livinginegypt.org. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from http://www.livinginegypt.org/portal/Publications/OasisMagazine/Articles/tabid/199/ID/5146/Shoppi ng­for­Groceries­in­Egypt.aspx#.WOfpQBLytE4

Egypt Everlasting. (2013). Egypteverlasting.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from http://www.egypteverlasting.com/

Eldief,  D.  (2016).  The  Taste  of  Egypt .  Google  Books .  Retrieved  7  April  2017,  from https://books.google.ca/books?id=r3­qDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=pickles+in+egypt&source =bl&ots=hm_SvNQUFK&sig=jlfzIFcKd0oyEYRUjw7J­pphHSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPwortj5PTAh VK7YMKHUqOBsMQ6AEIZzAO#v=onepage&q=pickles%20in%20egypt&f=false

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Fieldhouse, P. (1996). Social Function of Food. Food and Nutrition Customs and Culture Second Edition.

Food in Egypt ­ Egyptian Food, Egyptian Cuisine ­ traditional, popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, staple. (2017). Foodbycountry.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria­to­France/Egypt.html

Food, Drink and the Culinary Arts of Egypt. (2011). Touregypt.net. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from http://www.touregypt.net/food.htm

Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN). (2010). Egypt: Retail Food Sector. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service.

Hayani, I. (2015). Arabs in Canada. Global Research. Retrieved from: http://www.globalresearch.ca/arabs-in-canada/5415869

Hazem, R. G., & Len, T. W. (2014). Fast-food advertising in social media. A case study on facebook in egypt. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 09(1) Retrieved from http://uml.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.uml.idm.oclc.org/docview/1700401889?accountid=14569

Huebert, S. (2016, February 11). Eat your way around the world without leaving Winnipeg. Retrieved April 08, 2017 from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/dine-about-winnipeg-food-culture-1.3444027

Kittler P.G., Sucher, K.P., & Nelms, M.N. (2015). People of the Balkans and Middle East. Food & Culture Seventh Edition. P. 417-449

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Serry, A. (2014). What’s up with Egypt’s ‘Baladi Chic’ Food Trend?. Scoop Empire. Retrieved from http://scoopempire.com/whats-up-with-egypts-baladi-chic-food-trend/

Shazly, I. (2012). TOP 10 FOODS IN EGYPT. Al Rahalah. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from http://www.alrahalah.com/2012/03/top­10­foods­in­egypt/ The Food of the Ancient Egyptians. (2010). Reshafim.org.il. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from

Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities – Montreal Chapter. (n.d,). Retrieved April 08,2017, from http://sseamontrealvip.homestead.com/Project-EN.html

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Photo References

Egypt TailorMade Tours (Photographer). (2015). Khan al-Khalili Bazaar [digital image]. Retrieved from http://www.egypttailormade.net/egypt-day-tours/cairo-night-tours/felucca-ride-walking-tour-at-khan-al-khalili-bazaar.html

McLellan, M. (Photographer). (2013, May 17). Egypt Kentucky Fried Chicken [digital image]. Retrieved from http://bizmology.hoovers.com/2013/05/restaurant-internationl-growth/

North Africa Post (Photographer). (2014, December 24th). Egypt Supermarket [digital image]. Retrieved from http://northafricapost.com/1900-egypt-supermarkets-gaining-investors-attraction-than-banks.htm

Serry, A. (Photographer). (2014, November 24). Zooba Restaurant [digital image]. Retrieved from http://scoopempire.com/whats-up-with-egypts-baladi-chic-food-trend/

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